Got Lobster?

It’s a good thing I don’t have to watch my cholesterol, because after moving to the Maine seacoast last July, I simply cannot get enough lobster. Though I haven’t had to worry about the health cost of consuming lobster, I have been paying attention to changes in the dollar cost over the course of the season. Monitoring prices doesn’t get any easier for this lobster-loving Mainer because every day on the way to my son’s school, I drive by a sign advertising the current price.

The start of the lobster season coincides with an increase in the demand for lobster as summer vacationers head to the Maine beaches. In York, Maine, alone, the population triples during peak season then drops back down again once the school year begins. An increase in demand means upward pressure on price, while an increase in supply means downward pressure on price.

As lobster season came to a close in the summer of 2012, however, word on the street was that there was a surplus of lobsters. With quantity supplied larger than quantity demanded, downward pressure dropped lobster prices to an astonishingly low $2.99/pound for chix (lobsters weighing between 1 and 1.24 pounds), making lobster in southern Maine cheaper than a good steak at the time.

As lobster season ended and the bitter winter set in, the per-pound price of lobster started to tick upward. This is consistent with the basic model of supply and demand—once lobster season was over, supply decreased which put upward pressure on prices and demand decreased which put downward pressure on prices . Over the last year, it appears that supply changes have been more drastic than demand ones, thus the same good that had cost roughly $3 per pound in the summer cost nearly $10 per pound by March 2013 simply because of changes in supply and demand.

Between summer and winter, supply changes outweighed demand effects in the market for Maine lobsters (as evident in the large increase in price), so I am hopeful that lobster prices will drop in the coming months as supply increases so that I can enjoy my favorite butter conduit once more!

Discussion Questions

1. Using a supply and demand diagram, illustrate the shifts in demand and supply after the lobster season ends. Be sure to pay attention to the magnitudes of your shifts so that the equilibrium price rises as described in the article.

2. If  lobster fishermen have a bad catch this summer, what would you expect to happen to the price of lobster in Maine in July?

3. How do fluctuations in the market price for lobster affect other markets for food products such as steak and chicken?

Time is Money

The other day I took my car to the mechanic for what I thought would be a quick maintenance appointment. However, I was sadly mistaken when my bill came in at a whopping $800. Because my knowledge of cars is pretty much limited to things that can be done from the driver’s seat, whatever fluid replacement, alignment adjustment, or component repair the mechanic recommends, I usually pay for with resignation. After reviewing my itemized bill, I wondered whether it really should have cost $30 in labor to replace my windshield wipers, whether my something-or-other-belt really needed to be replaced, or whether I could have perhaps gotten a cheaper set of new tires at Costco. It’s possible (if not quite likely), that a more informed consumer could have saved hundreds of dollars on the same transaction. And yet, it’s unlikely that I’ll do anything differently the next time I go in for repairs.

In many aspects of life, there are ways to save money by becoming more informed about what we’re buying or by learning how to do something ourselves rather than paying for the good or service. For example, a friend of mine learned how to fix guitars because, as a musician, this will save him from having to pay for a lifetime of professional repairs. Personally, I like to cook, and thus I save money by preparing my lunch at home rather than buying it at work. However, my musician friend doesn’t like to cook and therefore spends more money on pre-made lunches than I do, and uses the time he saves by not cooking to engage in activities more valuable to him.

This illustrates one of the fundamental principles of economics: we gain from specialization in the face of scarcity because everything has an opportunity cost. In this case, the opportunity cost of becoming more informed about cars is the time I spend learning about cars rather than doing other activities I enjoy. Given the limitations of time and money, no one can become an expert in everything. To be truly self-sufficient would require a return to our hunter-gather roots when we spent the majority of the day finding food, and even then you might want to assign someone to gather the berries, someone else to prepare the meal, another to build shelter, etc.

A common misperception is that economics is aimed solely at maximizing profit. However, a classic application of economics is the study of how people choose to spend their money and time given the limitations they face in order to maximize utility, or a person’s level of happiness. Because there are not enough hours in the day to find the cheapest way to do everything ourselves, we decide to spend our time either doing things we enjoy (that is, that directly give us higher “utility”) or getting paid to do things we are particularly good at (that is, tasks in which we have a comparative advantage). With the money we earn from working, we can then pay others to get the rest of what we want or need.

Discussion Questions

1. What are some of the things you choose to “specialize in” that others pay for? What are some of the things you pay for that perhaps you could do yourself? Are there other reasons for specializing in something besides being good at it or enjoying it?

2. The exact opportunity cost of an activity can be hard to determine, since it is not easy to put a “value” on your time. How is the opportunity cost of time different for someone who earns a fixed salary versus someone who can always choose the number of hours he or she works?